Georgia’s lessons from the reforms: Could they help Ukraine?
It is widely accepted
that Georgia
has a good track record in carrying institutional reforms. Fighting corruption was at the heart of these
reforms. To illustrate that, Georgia ’s
percentile rank in the World Governance Indicators has improved from 7th
to 64th in 2002-2012 for controlling corruption. The rank of Ukraine
remained virtually unchanged during that period, being at 16th in
2012 up from 13th in 2002. Undoubtedly, Georgia ’s
experience could be very useful for Ukraine , and it is worthwhile to
understand key ingredients of the successful reforms.
In 2012, the World
Bank has made a good case
study of Georgia’s efforts of tackling corruption in public services. The
report provides a very comprehensive summary of lessons that drove the success
story:
1. Strong
political will and execution. “A
Georgia
without corruption” became a motto and the single dominant theme of the
protests and then the new government.
2. Early
successes are critical for credibility. Having come to power in the early 2004, the government instantly cracked
down on “symbols of corruption”, so called thieves-in-law, destroying respect
toward the criminal underworld, and demonstrating the authority of formal legal
institutions over informal ones. The authorities confiscated illicit money and
houses, making some of them government offices or police stations.
3. Rapid
frontal action instead of slow planning. Georgian policymakers understood that piecemeal reforms would not work,
as vested interests would be able to block them. Bold actions followed. As an
example, when reforming the corrupt traffic police, the government decided the
best way was to fire all 16,000 traffic police overnight, rather than trying to
change existing system.
4. Attract
new qualified, Western-educated staff in the public offices. Georgia ’s leaders looked outside politics and
government to recruit looking for young, bright, educated, and ethical people,
especially with private sector experience, Western qualifications, or both.
5. “Limited
government” vision among reformers. Georgia ’s leaders shared a view that tackling
corruption, especially petty one, would be best reached through fewer
government regulations and greater economic liberties. Approach to deregulation
was “guillotine-style”: whole regulations and entire agencies were eliminated
at once, if they didn’t add value.
6. Unconventional
methods. Extraordinary times
required innovative approaches. A special fund financed from outside sources
paid for increased salaries and bonuses for a short initial period. Jailed
corrupt officials and tax cheats who admitted guilt and paid heavy fines were released
from prison.
7. Unity
of purpose, coordination. A
small group of policy makers, headed by the president, formed a core team that
shared common values, coordinated closely, and stayed together.
8. Tailor
best international practices to local conditions. The government borrowed from international experience
in designing reforms. The new criminal code, for example, borrowed heavily from
Italian anti-mafia model, the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations
(RICO) Act in the United
States , and British conspiracy law. Where
necessary foreign practices were adapted to local circumstances.
9. Harness
technology. Extensive adoption
of technology, some of it home
grown, eliminated many direct contacts between e-government, online
procurement, tax filing systems were successfully adopted and helped minimize
contacts with public officials, as well as streamline procedures. Video cameras
were installed in customs and in the police stations.
10. Use
communication strategically. Early
on, government leaders used the media effectively to share images of
high-profile arrests of corrupt officials. Frequently, tax evaders were arrested
with cameras rolling. Using media in this way spread the word that corruption
was no longer tolerated, changing people’s views about what was acceptable.
What should Ukraine learn?
From my perspective, out
of those 10 lessons several are the most critical for Ukraine . It is
clear, that strong political will to change is at the core of success. In
practice, it means “zero tolerance” for corruption and “maximum tolerance” for
reforms. However, willingness is not
enough if ability to implement and credibility of efforts are absent.
The ability to implement reforms hinges on peoples managerial and
operational skills. Thus, it is critical to attract qualified executives and young
professionals in the public offices not only at the senior, but all levels. New
staff will significantly improve human capital in the government and will help
to develop completely new culture and to reshape image of public service.
As for credibility of the reforms, it is important to realize that for
any government “political honeymoon” does not last long and the political
capital will be gradually eroding. This means that only decisive actions
resulting in early wins could extend the window of opportunity and give time
for longer-term reforms. Time is playing against the reformers.
Following the remaining lessons may be less pressing, and some of them
will be achieved naturally. For example, limiting role of the state (i.e.
deregulation, cutting red tape and bureaucracy) is widely recognized as a
necessary step, therefore the direction of reform is already known. Then, if
new professionals are recruited into public offices, they will most likely be
able to find and to use unconventional methods to deliver changes. Again,
qualified managers are usually aware of the value technology adds to the
processes, as well as they might be much more keen on learning international
experience.
To summarize, there is nothing unique and impossible in Georgian success
with reforms that can’t be replicated in Ukraine. Strong will, new people, and
quick visible successes are the most important ingredients for the
beginning. Unfortunately, the past 5 months showed that apart from declared
commitment for reforms real actions were very modest. If the government really
wants to succeed in reforms given that a lot of time has been already wasted,
it should accelerate attracting qualified and motivated people to the
government and act fast and drastically (there are a lot of “low hanging”
fruits) at delivering visible changes.
Thank you for this article. Indeed, Georgia's experience has some lessons to be considered. Let me share some further consideration:
ReplyDelete* Georgia gamed the "Doing business indicator", there are significant improvements, but not everything should be taken by face value.
* Georgia succeed in attracting Aid from all over the world, some billions, which is a significant contribution to a small country. Money brings results. Ukraine is more than 10 times bigger. Size counts.
* Saakashvilli could not keep momentum. His initially promising efforts at eradicating corruption had turned, but he left power peacefully, a major achievement. Legal proceedings against him are not a sign that the government is putting higher priority on racking over the past than dealing with the future of the country.
I do not agree that limiting the role of the state is widely recognized as a necessary step. Rather, there are indicators that the global pendulum is swinging for a modern, smart state with a newly-defined role. Let us remember history: After Germany's unification in 1871 the state united a fragmented and diverse nation with social innovation, such as social welfare institutions with the result of social peace and strong economic growth. Carefully defined and depending on circumstances, "safety nets" can enhance efficiency and productivity growth not less than market reforms.
This is an excellent example of top-bottom approach to corruption. However, the success of the approach lies in points 1-10 mentioned in the post. These very points can also be followed by the active civil society. I do not see why in order to implement 1-10 one should become a part of the government. That is, it is important what is done to fight corruption, not who does it.
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